um Binomial name Solanum lycopersicum L.

Cross-section and full view of a hothouse (greenhouse-grown) tomato
Scientific classification
Kingdom:    Plantae
(unranked):    Angiosperms
(unranked):    Eudicots
(unranked):    Asterids
Order:    Solanales
Family:    Solanaceae
Genus:    Solanum
Species:    S. lycopersicum
Binomial name
Solanum lycopersicum
L.
Synonyms
Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) H. Karst.
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.[1]
The tomato is the edible, often red fruit of the plant Solanum lycopersicum, commonly known as a tomato plant. The species originated in the South American Andes and its use as a food originated in Mexico, and spread throughout the world following the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Its many varieties are now widely grown, sometimes in greenhouses in cooler climates.
The tomato is consumed in diverse ways, including raw, as an ingredient in many dishes, sauces, salads, and drinks. While it is botanically a fruit, it is considered a vegetable for culinary purposes (as well as under U.S. customs regulations, see Nix v. Hedden), which has caused some confusion. The fruit is rich in lycopene, which may have beneficial health effects.
The tomato belongs to the nightshade family (Solanaceae). The plants typically grow to 1–3 meters (3–10 ft) in height and have a weak stem that often sprawls over the ground and vines over other plants. It is a perennial in its native habitat, although often grown outdoors in temperate climates as an annual. An average common tomato weighs approximately 100 grams (4 oz).[2][3]
Contents  [hide]
1 History
1.1 Mesoamerica
1.2 Spanish distribution
1.3 Italy
1.4 Britain
1.5 Middle East and North Africa
1.6 North America
1.7 Modern commercial varieties

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ngen whose writings on herbalism were Physica and Causae et Curae (together known as Liber subtilatum) of 1150. The original manuscript is no longer in existence but a copy was printed in 1533.[64] Another major herbalist was Valerius Cordus (1515–1544).[65] The 1530, Herbarum Vivae Eicones of Brunfels contained the admired botanically accurate original woodcut colour illustrations of Hans Weiditz along w

e influence of the Norman conquest, the herbals produced in Britain fell less under the influence of France and Germany anuese to India (Vasco da Gama) and Goa where physician Garcia de Orta (1490–1570) based his work Coloquios dos Simples (1563). The first botanical knowledge of the New World came from Spaniard Nicolas Monardes (1493–1588) who published Dos Libros between 1569 and 1571.[62] The work of Hernandez on the herbal medicine of the Aztecs has already been discussed.
Germany - Bock, Brunfels and Fuchs[edit]
Further information: Hans Weiditz


A Hans Weiditz hand-coloured woodcut from Otto Brunfels' Herbarum Vivae Eicones.
Otto Brunfels (c. 1489–1534), Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566) and Hieronymus Bock (1498–1554) were known as the "German fathers of botany"[63] although this title belies the fact that they trod in the steps of the scientifically feted Hildegard of Bingen whose writings on herbalism were Physica and Causae et Curae (together known as Liber subtilatum) of 1150. The original manuscript is no longer in existence but a copy was printed in 1533.[64] Another major herbalist was Valerius Cordus (1515–1544).[65]
The 1530, Herbarum Vivae Eicones of Brunfels contained the admired botanically accurate original woodcut colour illustrations of Hans Weiditz along with descriptions of 47 species new to science. Bock, in setting out to describe the plants of his native Germany, produced the New Kreuterbuch of 1539 describing the plants he had found in the woods and fields but without illustration; this was supplemented by a second edition in 1546 that contained 365 woodcuts. Bock was possibly the first to adopt a botanical classification in his herbal which also covered details of ecology and plant communities. In this, he was placing emphasis on botanical rather than medicinal characteristics, unlike the other German herbals and foreshadowing the modern Flora. De Historia Stirpium (1542 with a German version in 1843) of Fuchs was a later publication with 509 high quality woodcuts that again paid close attention to botanical detail: it included many plants introduced to Germany in the sixteenth century that were new to science.[66] The work of Fuchs is regarded as being among the most accomplished of the Renaissance period.[67]
Low Countries - Dodoens, Lobel, Clusius[edit]
The Flemish printer Christopher Plantin established a reputation publishing the works of Dutch herbalists Rembert Dodoens and Carolus Clusius and developing a vast library of illustrations.[68] Translations of early Greco-Roman texts published in German by Bock in 1546 as Kreuterbuch were subsequently translated into Dutch as Pemptades by Dodoens (1517–1585) who was a Belgian botanist of world renown. This was an elaboration of his first publication Cruydeboeck (1554).[69] Matthias de Lobel (1538–1616) published his Stirpium Adversaria Nova (1570–1571) and a massive compilation of illustrations[70] while Clusius’s (1526–1609) magnum opus was Rariorum Plantarum Historia of 1601 which was a compilation of his Spanish and Hungarian floras and included over 600 plants that were new to science.[71]
Italy - Mattioli, Calzolari, Alpino[edit]


Early Italian manuscript herbal, c. 1500. Plants illustrated are ranslation completed in about 1373.[58]

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Shennong pen Ts’ao ching of China[edit] Further information: Chinese herbology and Chinese Herbal Medicine China is renowned for its traditional herbal medicine that date back thousands of years.[19][20] Legend has it that Emperor Shennong, the founder of Chinese herbal medicine, composed the Shennong pen Ts’ao ching or Great Herbal in about 2700 BCE as the forerunner of all later Chinese herbals.[21] It survives as a copy made c

ipts, which could be kept as scrolls or loose sheets, or bound into codices.[13] Early handwritten herbals were often illustrated with paintings and drawings. Like other manuscript books, herbals were "published" through repeated copying by hand, either by professional scribes or by the readers themselves. In the process of making a copy, the copyist would often translate, expand, adapt, or reorder the content. Most of the original herbals have been lost; many have survived only as later copies (of copies...), and others are known only through references from other texts.[14][15]
As printing became available, it was promptly used to publish herbals, the first printed matter being known as incunabula. In Europe, the first printed herbal with woodcut (xylograph) illustrations, the Puch der Natur of Konrad of Megenberg, appeared in 1475.[16] Metal-engraved plates were first used in about 1580.[17] As woodcuts and metal engravings could be reproduced indefinitely they were traded among printers: there was therefore a large increase in the number of illustrations together with an improvement in quality and detail but a tendency for repetition.[18]
As examples of some of the world's most important records and first printed matter, researchers will find herbals scattered through the world's most famous libraries including the Vatican Library in Rome, the Bodleian Library in Oxford, the Royal Library in Windsor, the British Library in London and the major continental libraries.
China, India, Mexico[edit]

Shennong pen Ts’ao ching of China[edit]
Further information: Chinese herbology and Chinese Herbal Medicine
China is renowned for its traditional herbal medicine that date back thousands of years.[19][20] Legend has it that Emperor Shennong, the founder of Chinese herbal medicine, composed the Shennong pen Ts’ao ching or Great Herbal in about 2700 BCE as the forerunner of all later Chinese herbals.[21] It survives as a copy made c. 500 CE and describes about 365 herbs.[22] High quality herbals and monographs on particular plants were produced in the period to 1250 CE including: the Chen Lei Pen Ts’ao written by T’Ang Shenwei in 1108, which passed through twelve editions until 1600; a monograph on the lychee by Ts’ai Hsiang in 1059 and one on the oranges of Wen-Chou by Han Yen-Chih in 1178.[23] In 1406 Chou Wang Hsiao published the herbal Chiu Huang Pen Ts'ao. It contained high quality woodcuts and descriptions of 414 species of plants of which 276 were described for the first time, the book pre-dating the first European printed book by 69 years. It was reprinted many times.[24] Other herbals include Pen Ts'ao Fa Hui in 1450 by Hsu Yung and Pen Ts'ao Kangmu of Li Shi Chen in 1590.[25]
Sushruta Samhita of India[edit]
Further information: Sushruta Samhita and Ayurveda
Traditional herbal medicine of India, known as Ayurveda, possibly dates back to the second millennium BCE tracing its origins to the holy Hindu Vedas and, in particular, the Atharvaveda.[26] One authentic compilation of teachings is by the surgeon Sushruta, available in a treatise called Sushruta Samhita. This contains 184 chapters and description of 1120 illnesses, 700 medicinal plants, 64 preparations from mineral sources and 57 preparations based on animal sources.[27] Other early works of Ayurveda include the Charaka Samhita, attributed to Charaka. This tradition, however is mostly oral. The earliest surviving written material which contains the works of Sushruta is the Bower Manuscript—dated to the 4th century CE.[28]
Hernandez - Rerum Medicarum and the Aztecs[edit]
An illustrated herbal published in Mexico in 1552, Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis ("Book of Medicinal Herbs of the Indies"), is written in the Aztec Nauhuatl language by

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(33.4) 3.9 (39.0) 7.6 (45.7) 11.8 (53.2) 15.6 (60.1) 18.2 (64.8) 17.9

(29.3)    0.8
(33.4)    3.9
(39.0)    7.6
(45.7)    11.8
(53.2)    15.6
(60.1)    18.2
(64.8)    17.9
(64.2)    14.8
(58.6)    10.1
(50.2)    4.3
(39.7)    −0.3
(31.5)    8.6
(47.5)
Precipitation mm (inches)    43
(1.7)    46
(1.8)    61
(2.4)    66
(2.6)    66
(2.6)    53
(2.1)    43
(1.7)    58
(2.3)    61
(2.4)    71
(2.8)    81
(3.2)    61
(2.4)    711
(28.0)
Source: Intellicast[11]
Main sights[edit]

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